Introduction to Seder Kodshim

Today's daf is walking daf base. And we are as it says here in the beginning of a new mesechta, in the beginning of a new seder, meseches Vochin, seder Kodshin. So, the topic of seder Kodshin is the laws of Mikdash and Kodshav. We're going to be learning about the Beis Hamikdash, about hekdesh, about the avodas that were done in the Beis Hamikdash, about the Kohanim, and very, very specifically, the korbanos. The seder of Kodshin is in many ways the Torah Shebaal Peh to sefer Vayikra's parshas Tzav. Now, as it relates to meseches Vochin, the mesechta deals primarily with the laws of korbanos. Truth is, there are two mesechtas in seder Kodshin that deal with the laws of korbanos, meseches Vochin and Menachos, respectively. Vochin deals with korbanos that were either behemois or oifois. Menachos, Kishmo Kachi, deals with korbanos that were korban mincha, which was a korban where the primary ingredient was a karp, it was solas, it was flour. Now, as it relates to hakdomas meseches Vochin, I think it's kedai to zero in on just chazering over something that everybody knows, just basic background to the idea of korbanos. So, a korban was a sacrifice that was brought to Hakadosh Baruchu in the Beis Hamikdash. Once upon a time, the ovdei avodah zarah used to worship their gatchkes, their deities, by offering up different sacrifices, be it human sacrifices, be it animal sacrifices. L'umasa, we were commanded with a mitzvah, it's one of the chamisha chumchei Torah, where we too have this idea of bringing sacrifices, bringing carbonos to Hakadosh Baruch Hu. Now, a carbon can be in one of many different forms. There's a carbon olah, there's a chatas, there's an asham, there's a mincha, there's a shlamim, there's a carbon todah, a bechor, maaser beheima, carbon Pesach. These are all different types of carbonos. And the truth is, all of these carbonos have their own unique halachos. If you want to take all the carbonos and subdivide them a little bit, there are carbonos yachid and carbonos tzibbur. A carbon yachid is where a yachid, an individual, is bringing a carbon. A carbon tzibbur is when a tzibbur, klal Yisrael together, are bringing a carbon. You can also divide carbonos into a different grouping. There's carbonos chova and carbonos nedava. So, there's certain carbonos that were brought because the ba'al carbon had a chiyuv, he had an obligation to bring a carbon. There's a concept of bringing a carbon not because he's obligated to bring a carbon, but because you out of the goodness of your heart want to bring a gift to Hakadosh Baruch Hu. That is something that a person can do. Another way to group all carbonos, and this is very significant l'halacha, is between the levels of kedusha that a carbon could have. And they are kodshei kodashim and kodshim kalim, respectively. Kodshei kodashim, meaning the higher level of kedusha, would be the olah, the chatas, the asham, and the mincha. So, every olah, every chatas, every asham, every mincha was kodshei kodashim. The others, shlamim, todah, bechor, maaser beheima, and carbon Pesach were kodshim kalim. Now, if you want to get super technical, shlamei tzibbur could be kodshei kodashim. We'll see there's some exceptions to this rule. But, b'ofen klali, all carbonos can be divided amongst kodshei kodashim and kodshim kalim. Now, what's the nafka mina between kodshei kodashim and kodshim kalim? So, there's a few nafka minas. Number one, kodshei kodashim shchitasam ba'tzafon. Kodshim kalim shchitasam ba'darom. Because kodshei kodashim are on a higher level of Kedusha, the Shchita was done in the more Kodesh part of the Azara. It was done in Tsafon, as opposed to Kachum Kalon was done in Darom. As it relates to the Basar of Kachum Kadashim, it was only allowed to be eaten in the Azara. It was only allowed to be eaten for a day and a night, and it was only allowed to be eaten by a Kohen, but not just a Kohen, Zichrei Kohuna. It had to be a male Kohen. Kachum Kadal Kalon be eaten anywhere in Jerusalem. Kachum Kalon does not have to be eaten by a Kohen, and Kachum Kalon, with few exceptions, was able to be eaten not only for a day and a night, but it was able to be eaten for two days and a night. So, the differences between Kachum Kadashim and Kachum Kalon are, without question, very, very significant. Now, the idea of the Korban was to bring it, to be Makriv it to Hakadosh Baruchu. So, what does it mean to be Makriv a Korban to Hakadosh Baruchu? So, the next part of this introduction is critical, because it's going to underpin almost everything we're going to learn for the next several months. And that is, there were many Avodos that were done with the Korban, but there were four critical Avodos, known as the Dalet Avodos Hadam. And they are Shchita, Kabala, Halacha, and Zerika. Shchita means where the animal was slaughtered. You do a Shchita. Just like the Shchitas Chulin, there was a concept of Shchitas Kodshim. Kabala, as the Shchita was being done, there was a Kohen that would be standing with a Mizrak. He'd be standing with a Kli Shareis. His job was to try to catch the dam. You don't have to catch all the dam, some of the dam. We'll get into the Sugyas, but to make sure that he is going to have the dam that he needs to have. The next Avoda was Halacha. Take the Kli Shareis with the dam, walk it to the Mizbeach, and then finally, this was the ultimate, take the dam that's in the Kli Shareis that was walked from Tsafon or Darom, wherever the Shchita was done, and now be Zorek it. Spritz it, throw it onto the mizbeach. Just two hours related to the dollar of Adam. Number one is the first of the four of orders. However, catch him one on one is straight to Lava Boy there. So as much as straight to goes down as the first of the critical of orders, but referring to straight to as an avoid there is a little bit of a misnomer because told us straight to Lava Boy there. What does it mean straight to Lava Boy there? You don't even have to be a coin to do the straight there. All the all the people that are not allowed to do avoid this. Be it someone that's not a coin, be it issue, be it a Tommy, they were all kosher to do straight there because really the way we view the straight to of cotton is the same way we would view straight to a school in and anyone that is right to do straight to a school in would be allowed to do straight to a cotton. So it's a little bit tricky when you talk about straight to in the context of cotton because straight to goes down as an avoid there, but then again straight to Lava Boy there. So you have to work a little bit to be mag there a little bit better, but high level we have to straddle those two ideas. That straight there is the first of the four of orders of Adam, but at the same time be mindful of the fact that in some sugars straight there is not a big deal because straight there anyone can do it. Straight there Lava Boy there. The second order that's worth mentioning is that there are four of orders of Adam. They're all critical, but really they weren't all created equally because the spits of order of the dollar of orders of Adam is Rica. Rica is always considered the spits. And push it the reason it's considered the spits is because it's the conclusion of the dollar of orders. If you do straight there and you lock her and you don't do a Rica, well, then you didn't do anything. But in the world of dollar of orders, it's all about the Rica. And really with all the in your name and avoid this and things are flying all over the place when you're learning cotton, straight there is really where it's at. If there's a kosher Rica, which would mean that it was preceded by a straight to in But if there's a kosher is Rica, then the tachlis that this carbon is supposed to accomplish will be accomplished. If there was not a kosher is Rica, well then we missed the whole boat. Then you're not going to have a a kosher carbon. But either way, these dollar avoiders known as the dollar avoiders Adam shchitika ball in a locker is Rica is what's akiv for this hakrova to be considered a hakrova. Stating that the word other avoiders that were done with a carbon that were all very important and that feature very prominently in the gamoras that we're going to learn. So for example, the imurium of a carbon were taken and they were burnt on the marocha on the big fire of the mizbecha achitzoin. What's known as the avoida of haktora. That's a real avoida. Had to be done by a cohen. Azar that does haktora is chaimisa. It's a very very important avoida. But at the same time, it's not akiv. It's not one of the avoiders Adam. It's an avoida that was done with the imurium and as a result it doesn't make it to the big four shchitika ball in a locker is Rica. But at the same time, it's a huge deal. Achilas basar. The basar of a carbon with the notable exception of the carbon oil law was eaten other by cohenem or perhaps maybe even the bylem was allowed to eat it depending on if it's kochi kodashim which is only nachal as a chicona or kochi where anyone could eat it and as a result the bylem would have a scos to take part in it. But achilas basar is also a very important part of the hakrova of a carbon. In fact, we learn in the gamora in a few days that says mal amed she cohenem oichlin u bylem is happen. There's a certain level of kapora that one can only attain with achilas basar that you wouldn't be able to get if you didn't eat the basar. Stating that it's not akiv. So if a person has to bring a carbon and they did the dollar avoiders Adam and the basar was never eaten, that's okay. He's missing out on achilas basar. Could be he's even missing out on a little bit of kapora. But in terms of him fulfilling his obligation, him checking off the box, I had this on my to-do list. I knew this was something I had to get to. You can keep it off the list because that's something that was done. Shfichas Shirayim, after this shfichah was done, there was always a little bit of leftover dam. What do you do with that dam? So it was a mitzvah to pour it on a cheil of the mizbei'ach. That too is an avodah, shfichas shirayim. Smichah is a mitzvah for the ba'alim to lean his weight on the animal. Tenufah is another mitzvah that you find in the context of korbanos. So there's a lot of different avodahs/mitzvos that play a prominent role when you're bringing a korban. But again, there's the dam avodahs of dam which are me'akev, and then there's everything else. Now, the first sugiyah that we're going to learn here in Maseches Zevachim is going to be the sugiyah of shelo lishmah. That's where Zevachim starts. By the way, it's where Menachos starts. And really, this idea is going to be melaveh us through the first two or so weeks of the maseches. So let's now go to the next layer of the introduction and talk a little bit about what it means a machshavah shelo lishmah. So one of the chiddushin in bringing the korban is that whoever it is that's doing the avodah, whether it's a kohen who's the only one that's kosher to do most of the avodahs, or even a zar where it's permissible for him to do an avodah. When can a zar do an avodah? We just mentioned shfifah and other avodahs. But if someone is doing an avodah with a korban, his thoughts matter. And it's not a hefker velt to just have any machshavah that you want to have while it is that you're bringing a korban. And there are certain machshavos that if the one doing the avodah would have, it would literally disqualify the avodah, could be it would disqualify the korban, and could be even worse than that. The Torah says lo yecha'shev. It's one of the many psukim in Torahs Kohanim that talk about the kohen's responsibilities when he's bringing a korban. Chazal learn from here that there certain machshavos that a kohen is not allowed to have while he's doing the avodah. There are two very prominent machshavos that underpin the entire meseches Zevachim and meseches and really the entire seder kodashim. The first is what we know as machshavas piggul and the second one is what we know as machshavas sheli lo lishma. Again, there are others but we're going to focus now on the two big ones. So what's a machshavas piggul? Machshavas piggul is if a kohen was doing one of the dalet avodos hadam, he was doing shechitah, kabbalah, halachah, or zerikah and he had in mind while he was doing the avodah that he is going to either eat the basar or be maktir the eimurim or if you want to get really technical, do the zerikah or do the shefichas shirayim chutz l'zmano or chutz l'mekomo. So what does chutz l'zmano mean? Chutz l'zmano means that there's a zman within which you have to do the zerikah. There's a zman in which you have to do the shefichas shirayim. There's a zman in which you have to eat the basar or you have to be maktir the eimurim. You can't bring a korban today and then on Friday eat the basar. It becomes noiser, right? So everything has a zman that it has to fit very neatly into. In the event that a kohen was doing the avodah and he merely had a machshavah to do any one of the aforementioned avodos chutz l'zmano or chutz l'mekomo. What's chutz l'mekomo? You had in mind that I'm going to eat the basar of kodshei kodashim outside Yerushalayim when it has to be eaten in Yerushalayim or kodshei kodashim outside the azar where it has to be eaten in the azar, etc., etc. The halachah is it would render the korban into a korban that's piggul. Now what's the halachah of a korban that's piggul? So first things first, the korban is going to be pasul. Additionally, in the event that the machshavah was a machshavah of chutz l'zmano then it's more chomer and not only is the korban going to be piggul, but if somebody would eat from the basar of this korban he would be chayav kares. It becomes mamash like chametz on Pesach. It becomes like someone that that eats on Yom Kippur. It becomes very, very chomer. But the point is that piggul is when someone has in mind while he's doing the one of the to do Now, if you want to be super technical, could be the only time something's considered a pigul is when you have in mind to do If you do koy boy, some will say that's not pigul. By definition, that's not pigul. It's similar to because it's right? It's the next worst thing. And as a result, I can hear why you would lump it together with pigul, but it doesn't have the pigul. If somebody eats from the he wouldn't be called this. But high level the pigul is when you have a to do one of those either What's a wishma? So, really the background to is a in the fourth paragraph that the going to quote on that says that a carbon that was brought had to be brought with a and there was six of the that the had to have while he was bringing the carbon. The same the same the same the same the same We'll see what that means when we learn the in base. But of the six that the had a had, two of them, if he didn't have or if he botched up, would actually mess up the carbon in a in a real, real way. And those are the same and the same What's the same mean? If you're bringing your carbon you have to have in mind that you're bringing your carbon. If you're bringing your you have to have in mind If it's a you have to have in mind If somebody brings an the same Well, then he didn't have the right It wasn't the same He had a but he didn't have the to bring the right carbon. And as a result, that would make the carbon a problem. How big of a problem? What does it mean that the carbon is a problem? Well, that's the first mission inside the carbon that we're going to get to in 1 second. But, the point is if you messed up on the shame of that would be a problem. The second one that can cause problems is the shame What does that mean? There's a coin who's doing a He's doing a on behalf of cuz Ruben needs and instead of having in mind while he did the that Ruben should get He had in mind that Shimon should have Well, he had in mind the wrong He had in mind the wrong If he had in mind the wrong that too is considered a and if he had a again, it would render the carbon to be a problem. How problematic? Again, that's the first that we're about to learn. But, the point is in the event that a coin did the and he had a What does it mean? It means either What does it mean It means either or or the way it's referred to in the vernacular, either it's or it's meaning meaning he had in mind the wrong carbon. meaning he had in mind the right meaning he had in mind the right carbon, but he had in mind the right carbon, but he had in mind the wrong In either one of those cases, you're dealing with a Now, why is it only two? I thought we said a second ago the mission says It's a It's a good question. 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We also know that the were many avoidas that were done with a carbon. So many avoidas, but not all the avoidas were created equally. There's the dalet avoidas of adam shchita kabala alaches zrika. Those avoidas are the active the toyeles of what this carbon is trying to accomplish. If you mess up on one of those avoidas, well then you're going to have to rinse and repeat. You're going to have to bring the carbon all over again. There's a whole bunch of different avoidas where you have aktaras simanim, you have achilas basar, you have shfichas shirayim, and you have smicha, and you have tenufa. There's a lot of other things that are happening. Those things are all shiyurei mitzva mitzva na'aseh, avada there's maybe even kapara associated with it, but at the same time they're not me'akev. So if somebody brings a carbon and those things didn't happen, it's not the end of the world. Even within the dalet avoidas of adam we have to remember shchita ironically, counter-intuitively, lav avoida here, zrika we have to remember is the zrika. It's the zrika. It's the shpitz. So everything kind of boils down to zrika because at the end of the day if you don't have a zrika you don't really have anything. The concept that a machshava can render a carbon pasul specifically machshavas pigul which is chutz l'zman u'chutz l'makom. You did one of the dalet avoidas of adam because that's always what matters. It's one of the dalet avoidas of adam and you had in mind to do the aktara, achilas basar, shfichas shirayim, zrika, chutz l'zman, u'chutz l'makom. Chutz l'zman is much worse. Some don't even like that you put them together. Chutz l'zman is for sure much worse. Sh'lo l'shmo l'shmo l'shem shisha dvarim she'hayu b'zevech mincha, but avada tachlis when it comes to when it comes to the machshava rendering some sort of soul in the carbon it would have to be either sh'nei kodshim adam mind the wrong carbon I'm bringing an oilam I'm thinking shlamim or sh'nei ba'alim I'm bringing it for Reuven I had in mind Shimon. Again, a very technicalish introduction, but at the same time a very critical introduction. And without further ado, we begin a new maseches.