Rabbi Binyamin Yuhanan - Biblical Hebrew Part 11

good evening today we continue learning biblical hebrew we are in chapter eight of the first hebrew primer page 59 and we're doing oral review of everything we learned so far number one ani yashafti i sat or dwelt ya shafty but i sat on the way from moab to egypt number two u8 you ate today before the king number three you took sons from the fathers number four who amar he said who am he said i did not remember a young woman from jerusalem number five he shall have she did not send bread to the house number six oral review on page 59 the first hebrew primer avarnu we passed over we passed from the city to the mountains number seven of chapter eight [Music] you stood on the ground number eight hema they took him they took animals from their fathers and they did not say anything they did not say a word number nine ahmad [Music] you masculine stood on the mountain and there you remembered a woman number 10 he guarded an animal and he ate bread we guarded an animal and we ate bread number eleven mimitzraim from egypt she passed and she went to moab mee mitzraim of they passed from egypt and they went to moab we finish oral review and now we turn to page 60 for new vocabulary of chapter eight the right column a share is an important word to know because it has multiple translation means that or which or who or where next bin between or among and the verb hey you'd hey meaning be hayah means he was hayah exclamation now you see ma can be either with a pata underneath ma or with the kamats ma or with a segol me and we'll see when these are used a noun mime water and mayam in hebrew is always plural you cannot say water in singular in hebrew and therefore verbs that are the and adjective and verbs and adjectives used with water will be plural as well as well and the word mime is masculine milham war and milhamot is plural for wars or battle milham war or battle milham wars or battles and that's a feminine word next word mishpat judgment law or justice and the plural for laws is mishpatim that's a masculine word now the left column odd until or as far as can be in time or in space with another verb iron sinha to do or to make asa means he did or he made call voice over human being or as sound masculine word next verb to see next word sha'ar means gate are gates that's a masculine word and the word sade a field is also masculine even though it's plural sadot sounds like famine but it is a masculine word now the word ma has three different spellings there is no difference in the meaning of the forms the word mime is usually a collective noun which means that it has both singular and plural meanings in one form whenever you see a noun that has only one form it is probably a collective noun okay now as the title of this chapter uh states the direct object now we learn what is a direct object very simple hebrew sentences can be made using only a a noun and a verb one noun and a verb two word sentences the king remembered simple sentences can also be made using only a verb form one word sentence you stood simple sentences can be made more complex by adding an object indicating whom the he king remembered and what by garden hamelech in the sentences above the words ben and derek are called direct objects something is being done to them the direct object of a sentence is the thing or person upon which the verb acts the direct object of a sentence answers the question what or whom now we turn to page 61. direct object and now we learn about definite and indefinite nouns as you remember a noun can be made definite by adding a hay to the beginning of the word proper nouns names of people and places are definite by nature and they don't need hay at the beginning for example starting from right to left ish is a man ha ish is the man and if you have a specific man in mind for example david it is also a definite noun next example ir a city that is indefinite we don't know which city the city definite city and an example of a definite city is yerushalayim jerusalem one more example but a daughter we don't know which daughter habbat the daughter we know exactly which daughter definite and an example of a definite lady is root ruth now we combine the two ideas definite and indefinite nouns and direct object definite and indefinite direct objects the direct object of a sentence can be either definite or an indefinite noun for example in english the king remembered a son as opposed to the king remembered the son or you sent bread to jerusalem as opposed to you sent the bread to jerusalem and one more example he guarded jerusalem and they remembered abraham both are definite direct objects because they're names of places or names of people so now we learn that in hebrew not only you add the the article um the prefix hey but you also have to add a word at in hebrew when the direct object is a definite noun it is usually preceded by the word et the word at has no translation in english in english it's not used it is simply used to mark direct objects when they are definite so when you have a direct object an action is being done on the object and it is definite you put it at ha that's the usual form at ha the word it is usually spelled with a segol three letter three dots but sometimes it's spelled with two dots sere we will use the more common spelling it with a sigo the word helps you find the definite direct object of a hebrew sentence so it will help you to identify who is doing the action and who the action is being done to when their the direct object is not definite the word at is not included so now some examples the king remembered a son that's indefinite hamelech the king remembered the sun because uh the sun is definite you put it in front of zachary the example in torah is right there in the first sentence at the beginning god created what did god create he created he did action on something it he created the heaven and the earth so the word et is used twice in the first sentence of the torah because an action was being done on a definite object another example you sent bread to jerusalem you sent the bread to jerusalem definite we know exactly which bread you sent and the third example at yerushalayim he guarded jerusalem jerusalem is the name of the city which is definite and therefore you add the word et here you're not going to have ha because jerusalem doesn't need ha they remembered abraham and again because abraham is the name of a person it's a definite object definitely direct object therefore you add the word avraham now we turn to page 62. the word ad and hebrew sentences if a sentence has more than one definite object direct object the word ed precedes each one just like we said the heaven and the earth it is used twice in front of each direct definite object for example abram sent the man and the woman and the young man to the city the one ed here is used three times since the words in hebrew sentences can appear in any order the word ed is very helpful it helps to make complicated sentences easier to understand and translate for example if you would say shamar you would not know who guarded whom because words are interchangeable in the hebrew sentence was it the young man that guarded the father or the father guarded the young man but by adding the word at you know who did action to whom means the action was done to the father guarded the young man and you can just switch it around which means without the word you wouldn't know it would say and you don't know who guarded whom depending where you put it it will tell you what the the direct object is now david remembered abraham and you can say differently and avraham zakhar david remembered avraham in english it would be the same translation in hebrew there is a emphasis whether david is first so the emphasis is on david david remembered avraham or the emphasis is on avraham abraham was remembered by david not someone else okay so it does have a slight difference in the translation in hebrew now we practice with the verb in the perfect tense past tense all verbs have the same endings in the press perfect tense however when the five gother letters are part of the verb root various changes happen so for example in this case the word haya has a hay the word asa has an iron and the word also has aleph aleph and hey in this chapter we're introducing three verbs that all end in a all end with hey and therefore there will be slight differences compare the perfect tense forms of ayah with the perfect tense forms of the regular word shamar and memorize the perfect tense forms of hayab because it is unusual now let's compare shamarti i guarded haiti instead of hayati you say haiti you guarded masculine and instead of hayata you say hayita so the haya [Music] that's similar as well here changes to the verbs asa and conjugate very much like for the exact spelling of the verb see page 373 and the word asa asiti asita asit asa asata asino okay now we turn to page 63 uses of et and eta share and add a share it is the regular direct uh definite object and a share that which also direct definite but that is added and adhashed until that okay the verb in the word it the verb be to be or was does not take a direct object that's a unique uh thing about the verb the verb was therefore it does not take the direct object marker it because you cannot cause being onto someone we're not god um you can do something on a created being but you cannot cause the being to happen and that makes sense logically for example who he saw the man so it is added because you can see the man you can do the action on the man see him however who hayaha is he was the man cannot say he caused the man to be rather he was the man another example at avraham the king remembered abraham it is added the king was avraham here it doesn't make sense logically to add the word okay now it the direct object marker is sometimes followed by the word ashar to mean that which or what zakharti a city i remembered what i did or i remembered that which i did so the word eta is translated translated as that which or what next is the use of adasher the phrase ada sher is an idiom meaning until until that time that something happened for example i walked until i saw the man now there was and there were there were in hebrew the verb is used very much like the english verb be the people were slaves the third person forms may also be translated there was or or there were haya ish a man was in a city people were in the city or there were people in this city and the word law can be added to the above sentences to make them negative a man was not in a city or there was not a man in the city page 64. the use of ben between or among the preposition ben can mean either between or among when the word ben is used in pairs it means between between this and that is one group therefore ben means among allah between when you say between you have to mention two things not one group the king went between the women and the children the man stood between a woman and the cattle okay now how to translate hebrew sentences good hebrew is not necessarily good english which means you cannot translate word for word you cannot translate literally and a word for word translation will probably not sound natural to you in order to make a translation sound better it will sometimes be necessary to add remove or change the word the order of the words for example the man stood between the mountains and between the city in hebrew the word ben is used twice if it's between but in english we don't say between twice better english is the man stood between the mountains and the city but in hebrew you have to say the word ben for each word next example i walked to the sea to the house where i resided there so the word sham there in hebrew is necessary in english it seems out of place a bad english would be i walked to the house where i resided okay and one more example no were women in the field that's word for word but the bad english would be there were no women in the field so the the sentence structure the order of words in a sentence is different in english and in hebrew okay now let's do exercises on the bottom of page 64 exercise one identify each of the following nouns as definite or indefinite and translate number one call voice or sound and that is indefinite hakko is the voice the sound which is definite the war definitely [Music] indefinite the gates for sure definite sade a field indefinite mine water indefinite the water the waters definite char a gate indefinite davar a word or a thing the animals definite eretz a land indefinite the city definite root ruth definite the a woman indefinite david david definite moab the name of the country definite now we turn to page 65 exercise two read and translate following sentences notice the use of the word the father passed a field eta the father passed the field number three [Music] the man guarded a land the man guarded the land number five the man guarded definite number six you ate bread number seven you ate the bread number eight isha's we remembered a woman a woman we remembered the field number 10 it sarah we remembered sarah and root i sent brothers i sent the brothers exercise three read the following sentences aloud adding it where necessary and translate la la time you plural took water from the house mime is indefinite if it would be hamam then it would be definite so therefore we don't add at le min the servants sent the animals to the field the animals is definite therefore we add ed number three the father heard the voice on the mountain number four et avraham zachary avraham and the woman are definite and therefore you add et in front of each one number five akhal ben leche a son ate bread and he stood and he walked legend bread is indefinite therefore doesn't require it number six has this is a trick one because the word haya cannot be used with it you cannot cause being on someone you can be someone the men were you were the man you were the man who set between among fields number four write all the perfect tense forms of the verb malach you follow the charts that we have inc include the appropriate subject pronouns read each form allowed and translate each person should do this exercise on their own um you can use the chart on page 62 that has the form for hayah and the chart in the in previous um chapters for the na for the regular verb malach okay now exercise five read and translate the following verb forms and here we'll follow the simple line by line exercise number one of exercise five chamati i guarded haiti i was a ct i did or i made it i went i remembered i heard number two you masculine guarded you were were asitar you you did you made raita you saw a mother were acid you did or made you saw you ruled you said number four samar he guarded hayah he was asa he made he saw ya he said he heard he said you heard and number eight shamroo they guarded hayyu they were they ruled a su they did they saw allahu they went like who they took yeshua they sat or settled now we turn to page and we do exercise six [Music] write the correct verb form in each sentence below read and translate each sentence he saw young women from the family she saw a woman plural masculine saw the land h they saw moab number two the the word is the servant was in the house you were in the city today he had one second let me just check myself yes i'm sorry that no that would be at um for she is she was with the servants in the field he again i'm repeating she was with the servants in the field i was the king in moab the girls the the daughters were in front of the gates we were the young men in jerusalem and three you made bread in front of the name of the nation be we made the things that we sent and the s there was a battle in the house and sarah made judgment between the father and the daughter and now exercise seven and that will be the the final exercise for today read and translate the following sentences i went or i walked between or among gates i walked among gates to the city vani and i was there until today sentence two haiyu a father and a daughter were in the household the daughter said to the father [Music] what did you hear in this city sentence three hey them you were in the land and you plural ate the bread and you took the things exercise 4 min i ruled over the land from the mountains until exercise five uh sentence five in exercise seven atem asitem and we did not do that which we say said sentence 6 i took a young woman for a wife and she did not settle in the house she walked on the path from the house to the father and i did not see the young woman until today exercise seven um sentence seven in exercise seven ahmadu habaneem al-haha the suns stood on the mountain them some who called and they heard a voice velora o ish and they did not see a man they did not see any man okay now we stop on page 67 next week became we will do um exercise eight and nine and then we will read a tall tale a story from now on every chapter at the end we'll have a story that through the story we will practice reading hebrew and translating it as well as each story will have some new vocabulary for us to learn okay thank you for listening have a great night