Rabbi Binyamin Yuhanan - Biblical Hebrew Part 7

good evening today we are continuing learning the biblical hebrew language this is um continuation of the first hebrew primer we are in chapter 6 on page 39 nouns and verbs that are plural so far we have covered the nouns and verbs that are singular male and singular female and we will review them in the oral review and then we will learn about how to make a plural noun and a plural verb now i will start with the first paragraph we will read and translate he went she went to jerusalem it's the woman from egypt went to jerusalem habbat mimitz the girl or the daughter from egypt went and she remembered second paragraph on page 39 the family remembered the family guarded a thing or a word he zachara remembered and it guarded now we go to paragraph 3 on page 39. the man heard a word the man listened to the father the man listened to the father from egypt a man listened to the father from egypt and he went now we go to paragraph 4 of oral the daughter from egypt stood and the son from yerushalayim garden habbat the daughter from egypt stood and she guarded me [Music] the son from jerusalem stood and he ruled now one um point i want you to pay attention to is the word me if you notice you'd does not have any vowels and so therefore it is a silent letter it serves as e of the previous letter me shalom not okay now we go to paragraph five of page 39 david malach david ruled from egypt and the father ruled from jerusalem david ruled from egypt and he went to jerusalem he went to jerusalem and he guarded a man now we turn to page and we start learning new things in chapter six first as usual we cover some new words and the new vocabulary on page 40. i'm going to start with the right column ah is a masculine word means a brother vocabulary on page 40 for those who just joined eretz land country and it's a feminine word edits land or country a road or a way and it can be both feminine and masculine this is an unusual word that can be sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine a path a road away hem and both are masculine similarly you have a feminine pronoun henna or hen the word hen is not written for some reason but just like you have hem with a meme at the end it means they masculine so to hand with the final noon at the end means they feminine or hema and henna the next word means a mountain or a hill like harshinai mount sinai next is yom and that is masculine now second column on page 40 vocabulary mo of that's the name of a country moab or in total we also have a boy whose name was moab later country was named after him that he he started next word means a slave or a servant now we have a verb avar root of which is in vedresh crossed over or past a city and that's a feminine word am a a people or a nation and that's a masculine word next we have a verb to send or sent he sent shalach and the last word sham sham means there over there okay now some details about these words the noun derek may be either masculine or feminine yom means day but the word haiyom means either the day a specific day or today because we specify the day which means today so hayyom can either mean the day or young today now when hey is attached to edits it becomes meaning the land so you notice that the the vowels change um instead of errors it becomes audits the land some pronouns have two forms both forms have the same meaning and are interchangeable for example hem and hema for men and han and henna for women both mean the same thing now plural nouns we compare english language with hebrew english nouns are often made plural by adding the ending s or es to the singular form book becomes plural by adding as books wish becomes plural by adding and adding es wishes hebrew nouns are made plural by adding endings to the singular form just like in english however there are different forms for feminine and masculine the noun of the the vowels of the noun also often change when the plural adding ending is added so we'll start with masculine plurals masculine nouns are usually made plural by adding the ending melech by adding and adding you'd and mam at the end of the word and the vowels often also change melech the half changes its form because it used to be the end letter now it is the middle letter melech king kings davar a word or a thing and words and things now on page 41 we learn about forming feminine plurals feminine nouns are usually made plural by adding the ending so we are on page 41. page 41 is speaking about forming feminine plurals feminine nouns are usually made plural by adding and then tough and it's pronounced for example and again just like by masculine the vowels of the root change eretz and in plural it becomes so because the the noun the the vowels change it is um difficult to make a new um plural word by yourself you need some experience and um um the easiest way is to actually memorize the words or see how they're used if you're you're given a a a singular word at the beginning it may be difficult until you learn and you get hangover of of how to change vowels um in in the plural words so let's see some examples first of a note feminine nouns like mish paha that end with a hey and the sound ah always lose the letter hey when the feminine plural is attached so instead of saying you say mishpa hot the hay is lost so mishpacha becomes mispahot okay feminine nouns ending in tough often lose the letter tough when the feminine plural odd is attached okay now we will first cover the regular masculine nouns ah a brother becomes a brothers and you see it's a slight change but the kamats vowel on their aleph changes to a patah vowel ben a son changes to banim suns and vowels change as well davar a word devarim words mountain harim mountains yom young man young men plural avid servant servants um people or meme peoples or nations and uh next we cover some feminine nouns that are more or less regular eretz land and we turn to page 42 and we have some irregular plural nouns when not only we add the plural ending but we change the word in other ways for example ish amen and plural we don't say ishim although such a form does appear in tanakh sometimes but the more common plural for a man or is a shim which comes from a different hebrew word and nosh but we don't commonly use the word enosh it is used in tanakh a few times but the more common singular word is ish and the plural you have to remember is and similarly isha a woman we don't say is short but rather we change the word and we say nashim isha a woman nashim women by it and we said that even though the word by it ends with a tough but it is not a feminine word it is a masculine word and therefore it is a masculine ending but a daughter and instead of saying but we change the word and we say but not similar to ben we have ben banim and for a daughter for plural we take the root ben and we put an a feminine ending but not and some point out that that um the original word actually had a noon in it but not so the noon is omitted but in plural it's preserved so never made as is let's let's just forget about what i what i said that is more advanced just remember that but changes to but not masculine nouns sometimes take the feminine plural ending od and feminine nouns sometimes take the maslow parole plural ending for example of is a masculine noun means a father and plural fathers is a vote surprisingly not a vim a vote which is feminine instead of saying we say arim but just because you see arim doesn't mean that it's a masculine word it's a feminine word with an unusual masculine ending and the same for of avot even though avoid sounds like feminine but really a vote is masculine okay now plural verbs so far we can't cover plural nouns what about verbs so we learned that um to differentiate masculine verb from feminine verb we look at the ending means he guarded shamra with the ah and a hay at the end means she guarded for plural it's a little more complicated if you want to say not he but they masculine you say the ending becomes they walked shalla he sent shall who they send shamar becomes shamroo they garden and zakhar he remembered becomes zachru they remembered and good for us both feminine and masculine stay the same just for they they feminine plural and the same for masculine [Music] this form is used for both masculine feminine plural subjects it is unusual usually masculine and sing and feminine are different but in the in for pronoun they it is the same if the subject is plural the verb must be plural as well unlike english the verb stays the same i went she went they went we went in hebrew the verb must be the same as the subject for example both in gender and in number for example haben son guarded since ben is singular masculine so shamar is also singular masculine the sun's guarded banim is plural so shamro also has to be plural the daughter's garden here also since banod is plural must also be plural and now all the word all the nouns that we learned so far on page 43 we have them all in plural as well together with identification if it's masculine or feminine and the translation so whenever a new noun appears in the vocabulary list of each chapter we will give you the singular and plural forms of the noun from now on you must learn these forms because again it's not so simple to change a noun from singular to plural you can also find these forms in the glossary at the back of the book plurals that are seldom seen in the bible are not included below is the chart of all the nouns you have learned and have that have plural forms memorize all the forms in this chart so this chart should be reviewed a few times by every person so we're on page 43 complete chart of plural nouns we will go line by line singular plural gender and the translation of it's masculine even though it looks feminine and it means father ah ahem land country or lands countries and that is a feminine word isha nasheem feminine means woman or women behema behemoth animal animals feminine word by it but this is an unusual word it's masculine even though it ends with tough and the plural is masculine as well house ben banim son sons but not daughter daughters word things word or word our thing things or words plural ways rhodes and again it may be either plural masculine or feminine young men young people young woman young women avid servant a slave a vadim servants slaves that's a feminine word even though it has a masculine ending in the plural um nations peoples a note on the bottom of page 43 the plural form may be translated as men or people the plural form of banim may be translated as sons or as children again this is important to remember for the for learning tanakh homash and because sometimes it will say banim and it will mean children sometimes it will mean by it will say banim and it will mean sons specifically okay now we go to page 44 inseparable prepositions you have already learned the prepositions l and mean these prepositions like english prepositions are separate words el means to mean means from they can be written as a separate word there are three important hebrew prepositions that are not separate words but they are attached to the word and they we can call them prefixes for example le means to or for que means like or as and be means in sometimes it means with and sometimes it means on again you have to keep in mind all possible translations so that depending on the context you can translate properly these prepositions are called inseparable prepositions because they are always attached to the words le can be replaced with a separate word el tu but if it's a single letter it is a inseparable preposition a prefix meaning two or four okay now vowels and inseparable prepositions on page 44 the next topic the inseparable prepositions ordinarily take a shiva like we said le que be for example in a family or with a family for example of aha a father in a family guarded sons next example like a king or as a king david but the david guarded houses like a king as the king should le mo of to a brother for a brother the woman went to a brother in egypt in some circumstances the inseparable prepositions take other words what does it mean let's see not other words other vowels sorry here instead of it's the brothers walked as kings and again this is something you have to memorize not kem lahim but kim lahim as kings and lirusha to jerusalem they went to jerusalem and here's probably because of the you'd it's not le yerushalaim then you would have to pronounce both le and ye rush a line by changing the vowel to li you do not pronounce you'd not le yerushalayim but rather just like we learned so to it's alain they went to jerusalem now what if the the noun the subject is definite prepositions connected with the hey the definite article when the prepositions le que and b are attached to a word the following changes take place so first of all the hay is dropped and any vowel that used to be on the hay is transferred to the preposition and any dagesh that appeared in the first letter following hey is preserved so for example instead of buy it means in a house and the dagesh is omitted by it but if it's it is uh definite habit the house then with the preposition be it will turn to ha uh by it hay is dropped and replaced by b the vowel of hay ah is preserved and it's placed on the ba ba and the the gesh of bed is preserved as well so again buy it be buy it hop buy it ba buy it in the house second column of a father to a father but if you have definite of the father then you have to say la of la tells you that it's definite le tells you that it's indefinite is indefinite ba is definite babait in the house to the father remember that the proper noun a specific person or place cannot take the definite article therefore it cannot take ba and it will be regular for example meets rain since mitsraman is the name of a country it's definite we do not say bar mitzrayim the house that's a normal word but mitzraim is the name of a country therefore we don't say the egypt we just say egypt in english so to in hebrew you don't say hamitz rhyme you just say it's rhyme it is already definite and therefore since it's already definite i don't have to indicate that it is definite through a prefix so the prefix stays singular mitzray not single but indefinite okay the following sentences all use inseparable prepositions so let's practice the daughter stood in a house that is why under be is a shiva and the next letter loses its dagesh in a house tells us that it's definite and the next dagesh the next word preserves the dagesh the daughter stood in the house the man crossed over to this city next example malach david kim david ruled as a king malach david ka david ruled as the king now we turn to page 46. more about inseparable prepositions and then we have a lot of exercises the proposition is often interchangeable with the preposition and as we mentioned at the beginning for example the man crossed over to a city or the same thing can be said so if you want to save space you omit aleph and you combine lamin and the next word le ir the preposition can mean either two or four for the sake of he sent animal to a man he sent for a man who shall la ish he sent for the man la'ish for the man the preposition be can mean either in with or on and we'll have some examples whom allah be rushed he ruled in jerusalem be in he crossed over with the animals and from the context you figure out that it means with huavaar not he passed in animals or on animals but he passed with animals she walked on the road in english you would say on the road not in the road in hebrew ba can again mean in or on okay we've finished all the rules now we can do exercises write the plural form of each of the following words and then translate and to check yourself you can see the glossary on page 43. and again follow me now and as your further exercise write every plural word down melech but exercise two translate the following plural forms into english number one kings lands yamim days number nine avadim slaves words or things nasheem women sons or children brothers but houses avot fathers people or men exercise three write the following words in hebrew this is an important exercise you have to translate from english to hebrew and write it down i will say the translation but on your own write every word number one brothers young men young women number five sons animals fathers avot mountains harim number nine days yamim families number 17 slaves avadim and now we're on page 47 exercise four we will do this exercise and we will finish for today and next week we will finish all the exercises and we will do the oral review and we'll start the next uh chapter okay page 47 exercise four read and translate the following sentences number one have the woman remembered a day in in a house the women remembered a day in the house number two haben the sun passed over or crossed a path the sun's crossed paths crossed roads the daughters crossed paths or roads the daughter passed crossed paths and mountains number three abraham sent a young woman to a city la sent a young man to the city they sent a young man to jerusalem they feminine sent young men to cities number four ahmad the slave stood there and he remembered a nation [Music] slaves stood there and they remembered nations mountains stood and the man passed over from there cities stood and the men walked there towards there number five abraham ruled like a king avraham abraham ruled like the king son this sons walked the daughters walked like the women in the previous example means like the man and finally number six he heard an animal in the land he behemoth she heard animals in airland hem sham una shimbara they heard women in the lands henna they feminine heard women in the mountains with this we finish today's class page 47 next week we will start from exercise 5 on page 47. thank you for listening all the best